ABANDONED CHILDREN IN SIBENIK FOUNDLING HOUSE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY / Napustena djeca u sibenskom nahodistu krajem 19. stoljeca

The Sibenik Foundling House was an institution that cared for abandoned children before their adoption. The paper analysed the accommodation capacities of the foundling house from 1886 to 1900, using registers of baptisms and deaths from the provincial hospital in Sibenik as the basis for the analysis. An analysis of the received children was conducted based on how they arrived at the site and the level of knowledge about their origin or identity. From 1886 to 1900, the Sibenik Foundling House received three hundred and seventy-eight abandoned children with a yearly average of 25.2 children. Two hundred and forty-three children were brought to the hospital by their mothers as newborns, and their identities were recorded in the baptism registers, constituting 60.15% of the total number of residents in the Foundling House. One hundred and six received infants were foundlings­children without known identity­comprising 26.24% of the total number of baptisms in the hospital. Twenty-nine children were born in the hospital and left by unmarried mothers in the care of the Foundling House, making up 7.18% of all entries in the register of baptisms. The monthly distribution of received children shows a balanced distribution. The mortality rate of these children in the Foundling House was 32.80%. Children who did not have names and surnames were given to them by the priest who baptised them.

The Legacy of Foundlings in Emilia-Romagna (Italy).

Between 1820 and 1929, in Iggio and in Tiola, rural parishes not too distant from the respective chief towns, a large number of marriages occurred between natives and former foundlings. The study of the distribution of surnames within the provinces of Emilia-Romagna (Italy) leads one to believe that the phenomenon was quite widespread in this region. This kind of marriage caused a direct gene flow from the town centres to the adjacent hilly areas. In general, however, the flow does not appear to have been so high as to change remarkably the genetic structure of the populations involved in the reception of the former foundlings, regardless that a percentage of them were taken to the hospitals of the towns from the countryside, and that many of those effectively born in the cities were children of people whose genetic pool did not differ substantially from that of the residents of the adjacent hilly zones.

From foundling homes to day care: a historical review of childcare in Chile.

This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation of foundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality and poverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children's social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developed countries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasis on the psychosocial condition of children and their families.

From foundling homes to day care: a historical review of childcare in Chile / Desde la casa de expósitos a las salas cuna: revisión histórica del cuidado infantil en Chile / Desde a casa de crianças expostas para a creche: revisão histórica da puericultura no Chile

This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation of foundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality and poverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children’s social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developed countries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasis on the psychosocial condition of children and their families.

El artículo discute cambios significativos en políticas y prácticas del cuidado infantil en Chile. Se distinguen cuatro períodos históricos en los cuidados infantiles con las siguientes características: abandono infantil y la creación de la casa de expósitos en el siglo XIX; esfuerzos por disminuir la mortalidad infantil y la introducción de un sistema de salud en la primera mitad del siglo XX; un incremento en la atención de la desigualdad y la pobreza y sus consecuencias para el desarrollo infantil en la segunda mitad del siglo XX; y finalmente, una focalización en el desarrollo socioemocional de los niños. Se concluye que, aunque Chile ha alcanzado niveles de mortalidad infantil y desnutrición comparables a países desarrollados, todavía queda la marca de una historia de desigualdades que no permite garantizar completamente la salud de los niños más pobres. Recientes iniciativas tratan de mejorar esta situación y ponen un fuerte énfasis en las condiciones psicosociales de los niños y sus familias.

O artigo discute as mudanças significativas nas políticas e práticas sobre cuidado infantil, no Chile. Quatro períodos históricos foram estabelecidos, levando em consideração as seguintes características: abandono da criança e a criação de casas de crianças expostas no século XIX; esforços para reduzir a mortalidade infantil e a implementação de sistemas de cuidados de saúde na primeira metade do século XX; maior atenção à desigualdade e à pobreza, bem como as consequências que estas ações trouxeram para o desenvolvimento das crianças, na segunda metade do século XX; e, finalmente, a ênfase no desenvolvimento socioemocional das crianças. Conclui-se que, embora o Chile tenha alcançado taxas de mortalidade infantil e de desnutrição comparáveis às dos países desenvolvidos, há, ainda, indicadores históricos de desigualdade, que resultam na redução das garantias de acesso à saúde pública das crianças mais pobres. Iniciativas recentes procuram melhorar a situação e colocar a ênfase sobre as condições psicossociais de crianças e suas famílias.

Infancia en Argentina. Historia de sus referencias discursivas e institucionalización / Childhood in Argentina. History of its institutionalization and discursive references

Se presenta un relevamiento sistematizado de instituciones de infancia en Argentina donde se observa un pasaje de instituciones totales a abiertas y de las religiosas a las laicas. En el período Virreinal la atención a la infancia abandonada se da a través de asilos y orfanatos a cargo de órdenes religiosas y del Cabildo. Durante la Independencia, en dichas instituciones se afianzan criterios laicos y comienzan las sociedades de beneficencia. Ya en el período de Organización Nacional (Conservador), la gran inmigración agiganta el problema de la infancia y se crean instituciones totales laicas bajo control médico; la educabilidad apunta a la integración social. Surge el Patronato de la Infancia. En el período de democracia de participación ampliada que abarcan de 1916 a 1930, prevalecen criterios psicológicos prospectivos y de tratamiento especializado en instituciones; la higiene mental abre al tratamiento psicopatológico de la infancia; aparecen los primeros neuropsiquiátricos infantiles que forjan los criterios de higiene mental infantil. Recién en la década del 30’ se institucionaliza la higiene mental infantil escolar y psicopatológica en términos de dispensarios y hospitales, hecho que abre paso a la formalización de la educación diferencial. Así van surgiendo instituciones abiertas preocupadas por las áreas educativas y vocacionales, surgiendo la especialidad de orientación educativa.

Releasing mother's burdens: child abandonment and retrieval in Madrid, 1890-1935.

In nineteenth-century Europe, the foundling hospital grew beyond its traditional purpose of mitigating the shame of unwed mothers by also permitting widows, widowers, and poor married couples to abandon their children there temporarily. In the Foundling Hospital of Madrid (FHM), this new short-term abandonment could be completely anonymous due to the implementation of a wheel­a device on the outside wall of the institution that could be turned to place a child inside­which remained open until 1929. The use of survival-analysis techniques to disentangle the determinants of retrieval in a discrete framework reveals important differences in the situations of the women who abandoned their children at the FHM, partly depending on whether they accessed it through the Maternity Hospital after giving birth or they accessed it directly. The evidence suggests that those who abandoned their children through the Maternity Hospital retrieved them only when they had attained a certain degree of economic stability, whereas those who abandoned otherwise did so just as soon as the immediate condition prompting the abandonment had improved.

Children abandoned and taken back: children, women, and families in dire straits in Lyon in the nineteenth century.

Abandoning a child was no rare deed in European towns in the nineteenth century, mostly among single women in underprivileged environments. On the other hand, taking this same child back was more unusual. By analyzing the registers of the Lyon hospitals, it is possible to determine the percentage of children taken back by their mothers, how this was actually achieved, and to examine the family status of the mothers at the time of both events. Both of these acts -- abandoning a child and then taking it back -- can be put back in their context in these women's lives, for instance, by looking into the length of time separating the two procedures. To finish with, it appears that the 'Hospices civils de Lyon' encouraged mothers to take the children back and generally had a conciliatory attitude toward them, supposedly in the children's interest.

Dead infants, cruel mothers, and heroic popes: the visual rhetoric of foundling care at the hospital of Santo Spirito, Rome.

The fresco cycle painted at the behest of Pope Sixtus IV in the late 1470s in the main ward of the hospital of Santo Spirito in rome comprises an extended pictorial biography of Sixtus, prefaced by scenes representing the legendary foundation of the hospital by his predecessor Innocent III. The legend, which tells how Innocent established Santo Spirito as a foundling hospital in response to the discovery of victims of infanticide in the Tiber River, positions the pope as the savior of the city's unwanted children. This article elucidates how the construction and renovation of the hospital is presented in the cycle as a generative product of papal will, with the care of foundlings situated as an integral part of the image of the pope as both Father of the Church and restorer of past glory to the city of Rome. While the frescoes engage with both widespread conventions for representing infanticide and commonplace notions of the social value of caring for abandoned children, I demonstrate that the ideologically potent visual rhetoric of foundling care was also flexible, and could be adapted to meet the specific needs of a particular institutional and patronal context.

Abandoned in Brussels, delivered in Paris: long-distance transports of unwanted children in the eighteenth century.

The study uses examinations and other documents produced in the course of a large-scale investigation undertaken by the central authorities of the Austrian Netherlands in the 1760s on the transportation of about thirty children from Brussels to the Parisian foundling house by a Brussels shoemaker and his wife. It combines the rich archival evidence with sparse indications in the literature to demonstrate that long-distance transports of abandoned children were a common but historiographically neglected by-product of the ambiguities of foundling policies in eighteenth-century Europe and provides insight into the functioning of the associated networks and the motives of parents, doctors, midwives, transporters, and local officials involved.

Arquivo e memória sobre a roda dos expostos do Rio de Janeiro / Archive and memory about the wheel of the exposed in Rio de Janeiro

Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre a Roda dos Expostos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a partir de levantamentos em arquivos existentes sobre o tema, bem como estudo da literatura. Posteriormente, apresenta memórias da Roda, escutadas de pessoas que prontamente se ofereceram para relatá-las, após saberem que coordenávamos uma pesquisa sobre o tema.

This article presents a study about the Wheels of the Exposed in the city of Rio de Janeiro, based on existing archives about the issue, as well as on a study of the literature. Further on, it presents memories of the Wheel, heard from people who promptly volunteered to report them after getting to know that we would coordinate a study on the issue.

Historia de la infancia en el Chile republicano: 1810-2010 / History of childhood in Republican Chile: 1810-2010

Desde fines del período colonial hasta nuestros días, este libro ofrece un panorama general de los cambios que ha registrado la experiencia de ser niño, las representaciones sociales de la infancia y las políticas públicas referidas a ella en el Chile republicano. Tras una prolija investigación, encargada por la Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles, et texto hace un recorrido histórico que permite describir los cambios más significativos en la vida privada (formas de crianza, relaciones padres-hijos, estructura familiar), el proceso de escolarización, las políticas públicas en educación, salud, justicia y reacreación, su presencia en algunos hitos signinicativos, las formas de socialización en que han participado los niños (el trabajo, el juego y el uso del tiempo libre), las representaciones sociales de la infancia (su presencia en la literatura, la pintura, la escultura, la fotografía) y el surgimiento de circuitos comerciales volcados hacia ellos. Sustentada principalmente en fuentes primarias, como novelas, crónicas, informes oficiales, estadísticas, artículos científicos y periodísticos, pinturas, manuales para padres, revistas para niños y testimonios orales, el texto también utiliza abundante bibliografía especializada sobre los más diversos temas, ofreciendo al lector tanto neófito como especializado una fascinante visión general de la historia de la infancia en Chile, que abre múltiples temáticas y enfoques, indispensables para futuros estudios. (AU)

Historia de la infancia en el Chile republicano: 1810-2010 / History of childhood in Republican Chile: 1810-2010

Desde fines del período colonial hasta nuestros días, este libro ofrece un panorama general de los cambios que ha registrado la experiencia de ser niño, las representaciones sociales de la infancia y las políticas públicas referidas a ella en el Chile republicano. Tras una prolija investigación, encargada por la Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles, et texto hace un recorrido histórico que permite describir los cambios más significativos en la vida privada (formas de crianza, relaciones padres-hijos, estructura familiar), el proceso de escolarización, las políticas públicas en educación, salud, justicia y reacreación, su presencia en algunos hitos signinicativos, las formas de socialización en que han participado los niños (el trabajo, el juego y el uso del tiempo libre), las representaciones sociales de la infancia (su presencia en la literatura, la pintura, la escultura, la fotografía) y el surgimiento de circuitos comerciales volcados hacia ellos. Sustentada principalmente en fuentes primarias, como novelas, crónicas, informes oficiales, estadísticas, artículos científicos y periodísticos, pinturas, manuales para padres, revistas para niños y testimonios orales, el texto también utiliza abundante bibliografía especializada sobre los más diversos temas, ofreciendo al lector tanto neófito como especializado una fascinante visión general de la historia de la infancia en Chile, que abre múltiples temáticas y enfoques, indispensables para futuros estudios.

A roda dos enjeitados no Recife (1789-1832): entre o debate historiográfico e o labirinto da pesquisa / The wheel of the foudlings in Recife (1789-1832): between the historiographical debate and the labyrinth of the research

Tem por objetivo analisar os caminhos teóricos e metodológicos da historiografia sobre o tema da infância, em especial, a que trata do abandono de crianças e das políticas assistenciais no Brasil. Em seguida, apresenta os percursos que a autora trilhou para entender as práticas infanticidas e o que acontecia às crianças sem família no Recife, entre os anos de 1789 e 1832. Tema difícil e sensível, escrito a partir das histórias anônimas de gente pequena, de dor e de esperança na qual se prendia, de forma tênue, a vida de alguns dos sobreviventes do abandono familiar e governamental.